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Gould, Steven J. 1989. Wonderful life. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Pp. 347.

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Holland, John Henry. 1975. Adaptation in natural and artificial systems: an introductory analysis with applications to biology, control, and artificial intelligence (Univ. of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor).

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Ray, T. S. 1991. An approach to the synthesis of life. In: Langton, C., C. Taylor, J. D. Farmer, & S. Rasmussen [eds], Artificial Life II, Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, vol. X, 371--408. Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley.

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Ray, T. S. 1994. An evolutionary approach to synthetic biology: Zen and the art of creating life. Artificial Life 1(1/2): 195--226. Reprinted In : Langton, C. G. [ed.], Artificial Life, an overview. The MIT Press, 1995.

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Ray, T. S. 1995. A proposal to create a network-wide biodiversity reserve for digital organisms. ATR Technical Report TR-H-133. Available by ftp at tierra.slhs.udel.edu as /tierra/doc/reserves.tex

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Sims, K. 1991. ``Artificial Evolution for Computer Graphics,'' Computer Graphics (Siggraph '91 proceedings), Vol.25, No.4, July 1991, pp.319-328.

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Sims, K. 1994. ``Evolving 3D Morphology and Behavior by Competition,'' Artificial Life IV Proceedings, R. Brooks and P.Maes [eds.], MIT Press, 1994, pp.28-39.